০৮:১১ পূর্বাহ্ন, বৃহস্পতিবার, ০৫ ডিসেম্বর ২০২৪, ২১ অগ্রহায়ণ ১৪৩১ বঙ্গাব্দ

Generative AI: The New Lifeline To Overwhelmed Healthcare Systems

Improving voice technology diversity in healthcare with inclusive interfaces and conversational AI

conversational ai in healthcare

You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. This type of stand-alone AI vendor serving an industry vertical is likely to flourish because many large companies are not equipped to develop AI tool sets themselves. Check Point’s Quantum Titan offers three software blades (security building blocks) that deploy deep learning and AI to support threat detection against phishing and DNS exploits. The company also focuses on IoT, with tools that apply zero-trust profiles to guard IoT devices in far-flung networks. Capital One is a prime example of how financial institutions are finding multiple ways to leverage artificial intelligence alongside tried and true business methods. The financial company’s many AI initiatives include explainable AI, which makes the loan approval process transparent; anomaly detection, which helps fight fraud; and NLP, which improves virtual assistants for customer service. Insilico Medicine is a research and development company that uses artificial intelligence for smarter biology and chemistry research and pharmaceutical analytics.

First, it is observed that numerous existing generic metrics5,6,7 suffer from a lack of unified and standard definition and consensus regarding their appropriateness for evaluating healthcare chatbots. Although these metrics are model-based, they lack an understanding of medical concepts (e.g., symptoms, diagnostic tests, diagnoses, and treatments), their interplay, and the priority for the well-being of the patient, all of which are crucial for medical decision-making10. For this reason, they inadequately capture vital aspects like semantic nuances, contextual relevance, long-range dependencies, changes in critical semantic ordering, and human-centric perspectives11, thereby limiting their effectiveness in evaluating healthcare chatbots. Moreover, specific extrinsic context-aware evaluation methods have been introduced to incorporate human judgment in chatbot assessment7,9,12,13,14,15,16.

conversational ai in healthcare

For example, adjusting the beam search parameter66 can impact the safety level of the chatbot’s answers, and similar effects apply to other model parameters like temperature67, which can influence specific metric scores. The Memory Efficiency metric quantifies the amount of memory utilized by a healthcare chatbot. Popular LLMs, such as GPT-4, Llama, and BERT, often require large memory capacity13,58,59,60,61, making it challenging to run them on devices with limited memory, such as embedded systems, laptops, and mobile phones62. A Existing intrinsic metrics which are categorized into general LLM metrics and Dialog metrics. B Existing extrinsic metrics for both general domain and healthcare-specific evaluations are presented. Intrinsic evaluation metrics measure the proficiency of a language model in generating coherent and meaningful sentences relying on language rules and patterns18.

Google sets mandatory MFA deadline for all cloud accounts

Users grab data from data warehouses, cloud applications, and spreadsheets, all in a visualized data environment. Founded in 2012, DataRobot offers an AI Cloud that’s “cloud-agnostic,” so it works with all the cloud leaders (AWS, Azure, and Google, for example). It’s built with a multicloud architecture that offers a single platform accessible to all manner of data professionals.

  • To read the full 2024 Customer Voices Report and learn more about how Authenticx harnesses the power of everyday conversations with AI built for healthcare, visit Authenticx.com.
  • Enhancing fairness within a healthcare chatbot’s responses contributes to increased reliability by ensuring that the chatbot consistently provides equitable and unbiased answers.
  • Hatherley explained that this is similar to using a pharmaceutical medicine without a clear understanding of the mechanisms for which it works.
  • We’ve already seen the power of AI to schedule patient follow-up appointments when it identifies urgent results on scans.
  • Future research endeavors need to delve deeper into the mechanisms and empirically evaluate the key determinants of successful AI-based CA interventions, spanning diverse mental health outcomes and populations.

“In implementing this tool, we’ve made sure to include patient feedback so they feel supported throughout their entire postpartum care journey.” “Third, creation of anticipatory guidance specific to patient clinical characteristics was planned,” she continued. “Finally, algorithms for potentially acute clinical concerns were designed and layered onto the program. Throughout this process we incorporated personal touches into responses, such as patients’ or infants’ names and worked to develop a consistent and empathetic tone.” “At the time, in 2018, mobile health applications had been used for problem-based postpartum support, focused on specific individual conditions regarding postpartum recovery such as breastfeeding, blood pressure monitoring and weight loss,” Leitner noted. Apart from prompting techniques, evaluation based on model parameters during inference is also crucial. Modifying these parameters can influence the chatbot’s behavior when responding to queries.

View All Financial Services & Investing

Type a query into You.com, and the ChatGPT-style website will create content based on your request. Samsara is an IoT company that has brought forth several innovative technologies over the years, but more recently, it has expanded into AI for driver and road safety. The company’s built-in AI and advanced edge computing for vehicles give drivers and/or fleet managers real-time insights into road conditions and driving performance, as well as coaching workflows and in-cab driver assistance. AI dash cams are built into vehicles and designed to send footage directly to the cloud, so fleet managers and business owners can review driver and vehicle issues in a timely manner. Think of these AI companies as the forward-looking cohort that is inventing and supporting the systems that propel AI forward.

Reimagining healthcare industry service operations in the age of AI – McKinsey

Reimagining healthcare industry service operations in the age of AI.

Posted: Thu, 19 Sep 2024 07:00:00 GMT [source]

The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced an AI health assistant, but recent reports say it’s not always accurate. Experts say health chatbots could have a big impact on the healthcare business, but their varying levels of accuracy raise critical questions about their potential to support or undermine patient care. In the present equivalence study, researchers examined numerous cutting-edge chatbots utilizing pilot parameters of response readability, empathy, and quality to assess chatbot competence in answering oncology-related patient concerns.

Industry Vertical Analysis

SecurityScorecard is a threat and risk intelligence company that provides smart security ratings, automatic vendor detection, cyber risk quantification, and other products and services to identify risks and vulnerabilities before they spiral out of control. The company recently added generative AI to its toolkit through a security ratings platform that has OpenAI’s GPT-4 as one of its foundational models. With this new feature, users don’t have to have cybersecurity or risk management experience to ask questions and receive risk management recommendations. Enlitic’s Curie platform uses artificial intelligence to improve data management in the service of better healthcare. The goal is to make data more accurate, useful, and uniform to enable doctors and other healthcare professionals to make better patient care decisions. The platform also supports data anonymization, which is important for patient privacy and compliance with HIPAA and other healthcare privacy regulations.

Community Health Systems and Denim Health Announce a Development Partnership Designed to Broadly Scale Conversational AI Across the CHS Patient Access Center – Business Wire

Community Health Systems and Denim Health Announce a Development Partnership Designed to Broadly Scale Conversational AI Across the CHS Patient Access Center.

Posted: Mon, 07 Oct 2024 20:15:00 GMT [source]

Given its mobile credentials, Cylance is a key player in cybersecurity for the mobile IoT world, a quickly growing sector. Signifyd is a company that uses AI to create a “score”—from 0 to 1,000—to fight fraud in the financial sector. While the trend of deploying AI to combat financial malfeasance is sweeping the industry, Signifyd claims to distinguish itself by boosting transaction approvals and dramatically lessening false declines. AlphaSense competes in the lucrative business data market against big players like Bloomberg.

Rise of the Chatbot Medic

Bitran leads the development of AI-driven language services, natural language processing technologies, conversational intelligence and personal health assistants. For developers, the clinical safeguards API is available in private preview for additional use cases, she said. AI is helpful for medical chatbots because of its ChatGPT App ability to analyze large amounts of data to provide more personalized responses to patient inquiries quickly, Tim Lawless, global health lead at digital consultancy Publicis Sapient, told PYMNTS. The strength and specificity of reactions from AI-powered chatbots like ChatGPT increase with the amount of data fed into them.

conversational ai in healthcare

The Leaderboard represents the final component of the evaluation framework, providing interacting users with the ability to rank and compare diverse healthcare chatbot models. It offers various filtering strategies, allowing users to rank models according to specific criteria. For example, users can prioritize accuracy scores to identify the healthcare chatbot model with the highest accuracy in providing answers to healthcare questions. Additionally, the leaderboard allows users to filter results based on confounding variables, facilitating the identification of the most relevant chatbot models for their research study. These metrics can lead to significant advances in the delivery of robust, accurate, and reliable healthcare services. However, the existing evaluation metrics introduced and employed for assessing healthcare chatbots2,3,4 exhibit two significant gaps that warrant careful attention.

The research exposures comprised 200 patient cancer-related inquiries sent online to three AI chatbots between January 1, 2018, and May 31, 2023. The contract is part of the NIH’s Small Business Innovation Research program that focuses on a variety of high-impact technologies ranging from research tools to diagnostics, digital health, drugs, medical devices, and others. I believe that alongside AI, conversational technology has the potential to reshape care delivery, facilitating the integration of different aspects of healthcare and addressing social determinants of health.

conversational ai in healthcare

The startup claims that GenAI usage has resulted in a 50% increase in food tracking, deeper user engagement, and 18% higher client-coach interaction. It is evident that with GenAI coming into the picture, the efficiency of traditional tools has increased manifold, and hospitals are steadily looking to embrace that change. Evangelina Petrakis, 21, was in high school when she posted on social media for fun — then realized a business opportunity. Vedula advises to have faith in the vision, be bold in decision-making, and persevere through challenges. “The entrepreneurial journey is fraught with obstacles and uncertainties, but unwavering belief in your mission can guide you through tough times,” he added. Randomised controlled trials of AI tools, where these differences are controlled for, would represent a gold standard of evidence for their use.

“For example, care coordinators can get comprehensive summaries of a patient or member including care plans, prescriptions, clinical encounters, prior authorizations, preferences and more” before an appointment, a Salesforce spokesperson told Healthcare IT News Tuesday. “The development of AI tools must go beyond just ensuring effectiveness and safety standards,” he said in a statement. The inclusive approach, according to Dr Tomasz Nadarzynski, who led the study at the University of Westminster, is crucial for mitigating biases, fostering trust and maximizing outcomes for marginalized populations. Early adopters, like Cleveland Clinic, helped to develop the service by providing feedback on use in a healthcare setting and are already using it, Microsoft said.

conversational ai in healthcare

The approach worked but left physicians overworked as they had to deal with both online and offline patients. With gen AI, healthcare organizations can launch LLM-backed AI assistants to address this. Essentially, they could fine-tune models like GPT-4 on medical data and build assistants that could take basic medical cases and guide patients to the best treatments on the basis of their systems. If any particular case appears more complicated, the model could redirect the patient to a doctor or the nearest healthcare professional. This way, all cases would get addressed without putting the doctors under immense work pressure. Multiple organizations, including Sanofi, Bayer, and Novartis, have taken this approach and launched AI assistants on their respective platforms.

Each episode is produced using realistic voice models, and the text is culled from archival material about that guest. Impressively, Podcast.ai released a Steve Jobs “appearance” by feeding the system his biography and reams of related material; the real-life Joe Rogan was able to interview “Steve Jobs” with this development. InVideo is an AI video company that focuses on automating script, scene, voiceover, and overall video production. The platform is frequently used for digital marketing and content marketing projects, allowing users to transform blogs and other text prompts into YouTube, talking avatar, Instagram, and other types of engaging video content.

Cognii’s VLA (virtual learning assistant) platform speaks with students in real time, providing one-on-one coaching. The goal is to transcend the limits of a multiple-choice question format and offer a wide-ranging conversation. Intuit is an enterprise that has focused on providing both guided and self-service finance and tax tools to users of products conversational ai in healthcare like TurboTax, Credit Karma, Mint, QuickBooks, and Mailchimp. The company recently released Intuit Assist, a generative AI financial assistant that is able to provide SMB leaders with smart recommendations for their financial and customer service decisions; Intuit Assist is available for TurboTax, Credit Karma, QuickBooks, and Mailchimp.

Researchers must establish future standards in randomized controlled trials to ensure proper monitoring and results for clinicians and patients. This review provides preliminary and most up-to-date evidence supporting their effectiveness in alleviating psychological distress, while also ChatGPT highlighting key factors influencing effectiveness and user experience. While AI-based CAs are not designed to replace professional mental health services, our review suggests their potential to serve as a readily accessible and effective solution to address the expanding treatment gap.

Reducing the number of parameters, which often leads to decreased memory usage and FLOPs, is likely to improve usability and latency, making the model more efficient and effective in practical applications. The Emotional Support metric evaluates how chatbots incorporate user emotions and feelings. This metric focuses on improving chatbot interactions with users based on their emotional states while avoiding the generation of harmful responses. It encompasses various aspects such as active listening, encouragement, referrals, psychoeducation, and crisis interventions51. The Privacy metric is devised to assess whether the model utilizes users’ sensitive information for either model fine-tuning or general usage42. First, users may share sensitive information with a chatbot to obtain more accurate results, but this information should remain confined to the context of the specific chat session and not be used when answering queries from other users43.

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Dainik Jobab

জনপ্রিয় সংবাদ

Generative AI: The New Lifeline To Overwhelmed Healthcare Systems

আপডেট সময় ১২:২২:১১ অপরাহ্ন, বুধবার, ১৫ মে ২০২৪

Improving voice technology diversity in healthcare with inclusive interfaces and conversational AI

conversational ai in healthcare

You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. This type of stand-alone AI vendor serving an industry vertical is likely to flourish because many large companies are not equipped to develop AI tool sets themselves. Check Point’s Quantum Titan offers three software blades (security building blocks) that deploy deep learning and AI to support threat detection against phishing and DNS exploits. The company also focuses on IoT, with tools that apply zero-trust profiles to guard IoT devices in far-flung networks. Capital One is a prime example of how financial institutions are finding multiple ways to leverage artificial intelligence alongside tried and true business methods. The financial company’s many AI initiatives include explainable AI, which makes the loan approval process transparent; anomaly detection, which helps fight fraud; and NLP, which improves virtual assistants for customer service. Insilico Medicine is a research and development company that uses artificial intelligence for smarter biology and chemistry research and pharmaceutical analytics.

First, it is observed that numerous existing generic metrics5,6,7 suffer from a lack of unified and standard definition and consensus regarding their appropriateness for evaluating healthcare chatbots. Although these metrics are model-based, they lack an understanding of medical concepts (e.g., symptoms, diagnostic tests, diagnoses, and treatments), their interplay, and the priority for the well-being of the patient, all of which are crucial for medical decision-making10. For this reason, they inadequately capture vital aspects like semantic nuances, contextual relevance, long-range dependencies, changes in critical semantic ordering, and human-centric perspectives11, thereby limiting their effectiveness in evaluating healthcare chatbots. Moreover, specific extrinsic context-aware evaluation methods have been introduced to incorporate human judgment in chatbot assessment7,9,12,13,14,15,16.

conversational ai in healthcare

For example, adjusting the beam search parameter66 can impact the safety level of the chatbot’s answers, and similar effects apply to other model parameters like temperature67, which can influence specific metric scores. The Memory Efficiency metric quantifies the amount of memory utilized by a healthcare chatbot. Popular LLMs, such as GPT-4, Llama, and BERT, often require large memory capacity13,58,59,60,61, making it challenging to run them on devices with limited memory, such as embedded systems, laptops, and mobile phones62. A Existing intrinsic metrics which are categorized into general LLM metrics and Dialog metrics. B Existing extrinsic metrics for both general domain and healthcare-specific evaluations are presented. Intrinsic evaluation metrics measure the proficiency of a language model in generating coherent and meaningful sentences relying on language rules and patterns18.

Google sets mandatory MFA deadline for all cloud accounts

Users grab data from data warehouses, cloud applications, and spreadsheets, all in a visualized data environment. Founded in 2012, DataRobot offers an AI Cloud that’s “cloud-agnostic,” so it works with all the cloud leaders (AWS, Azure, and Google, for example). It’s built with a multicloud architecture that offers a single platform accessible to all manner of data professionals.

  • To read the full 2024 Customer Voices Report and learn more about how Authenticx harnesses the power of everyday conversations with AI built for healthcare, visit Authenticx.com.
  • Enhancing fairness within a healthcare chatbot’s responses contributes to increased reliability by ensuring that the chatbot consistently provides equitable and unbiased answers.
  • Hatherley explained that this is similar to using a pharmaceutical medicine without a clear understanding of the mechanisms for which it works.
  • We’ve already seen the power of AI to schedule patient follow-up appointments when it identifies urgent results on scans.
  • Future research endeavors need to delve deeper into the mechanisms and empirically evaluate the key determinants of successful AI-based CA interventions, spanning diverse mental health outcomes and populations.

“In implementing this tool, we’ve made sure to include patient feedback so they feel supported throughout their entire postpartum care journey.” “Third, creation of anticipatory guidance specific to patient clinical characteristics was planned,” she continued. “Finally, algorithms for potentially acute clinical concerns were designed and layered onto the program. Throughout this process we incorporated personal touches into responses, such as patients’ or infants’ names and worked to develop a consistent and empathetic tone.” “At the time, in 2018, mobile health applications had been used for problem-based postpartum support, focused on specific individual conditions regarding postpartum recovery such as breastfeeding, blood pressure monitoring and weight loss,” Leitner noted. Apart from prompting techniques, evaluation based on model parameters during inference is also crucial. Modifying these parameters can influence the chatbot’s behavior when responding to queries.

View All Financial Services & Investing

Type a query into You.com, and the ChatGPT-style website will create content based on your request. Samsara is an IoT company that has brought forth several innovative technologies over the years, but more recently, it has expanded into AI for driver and road safety. The company’s built-in AI and advanced edge computing for vehicles give drivers and/or fleet managers real-time insights into road conditions and driving performance, as well as coaching workflows and in-cab driver assistance. AI dash cams are built into vehicles and designed to send footage directly to the cloud, so fleet managers and business owners can review driver and vehicle issues in a timely manner. Think of these AI companies as the forward-looking cohort that is inventing and supporting the systems that propel AI forward.

Reimagining healthcare industry service operations in the age of AI – McKinsey

Reimagining healthcare industry service operations in the age of AI.

Posted: Thu, 19 Sep 2024 07:00:00 GMT [source]

The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced an AI health assistant, but recent reports say it’s not always accurate. Experts say health chatbots could have a big impact on the healthcare business, but their varying levels of accuracy raise critical questions about their potential to support or undermine patient care. In the present equivalence study, researchers examined numerous cutting-edge chatbots utilizing pilot parameters of response readability, empathy, and quality to assess chatbot competence in answering oncology-related patient concerns.

Industry Vertical Analysis

SecurityScorecard is a threat and risk intelligence company that provides smart security ratings, automatic vendor detection, cyber risk quantification, and other products and services to identify risks and vulnerabilities before they spiral out of control. The company recently added generative AI to its toolkit through a security ratings platform that has OpenAI’s GPT-4 as one of its foundational models. With this new feature, users don’t have to have cybersecurity or risk management experience to ask questions and receive risk management recommendations. Enlitic’s Curie platform uses artificial intelligence to improve data management in the service of better healthcare. The goal is to make data more accurate, useful, and uniform to enable doctors and other healthcare professionals to make better patient care decisions. The platform also supports data anonymization, which is important for patient privacy and compliance with HIPAA and other healthcare privacy regulations.

Community Health Systems and Denim Health Announce a Development Partnership Designed to Broadly Scale Conversational AI Across the CHS Patient Access Center – Business Wire

Community Health Systems and Denim Health Announce a Development Partnership Designed to Broadly Scale Conversational AI Across the CHS Patient Access Center.

Posted: Mon, 07 Oct 2024 20:15:00 GMT [source]

Given its mobile credentials, Cylance is a key player in cybersecurity for the mobile IoT world, a quickly growing sector. Signifyd is a company that uses AI to create a “score”—from 0 to 1,000—to fight fraud in the financial sector. While the trend of deploying AI to combat financial malfeasance is sweeping the industry, Signifyd claims to distinguish itself by boosting transaction approvals and dramatically lessening false declines. AlphaSense competes in the lucrative business data market against big players like Bloomberg.

Rise of the Chatbot Medic

Bitran leads the development of AI-driven language services, natural language processing technologies, conversational intelligence and personal health assistants. For developers, the clinical safeguards API is available in private preview for additional use cases, she said. AI is helpful for medical chatbots because of its ChatGPT App ability to analyze large amounts of data to provide more personalized responses to patient inquiries quickly, Tim Lawless, global health lead at digital consultancy Publicis Sapient, told PYMNTS. The strength and specificity of reactions from AI-powered chatbots like ChatGPT increase with the amount of data fed into them.

conversational ai in healthcare

The Leaderboard represents the final component of the evaluation framework, providing interacting users with the ability to rank and compare diverse healthcare chatbot models. It offers various filtering strategies, allowing users to rank models according to specific criteria. For example, users can prioritize accuracy scores to identify the healthcare chatbot model with the highest accuracy in providing answers to healthcare questions. Additionally, the leaderboard allows users to filter results based on confounding variables, facilitating the identification of the most relevant chatbot models for their research study. These metrics can lead to significant advances in the delivery of robust, accurate, and reliable healthcare services. However, the existing evaluation metrics introduced and employed for assessing healthcare chatbots2,3,4 exhibit two significant gaps that warrant careful attention.

The research exposures comprised 200 patient cancer-related inquiries sent online to three AI chatbots between January 1, 2018, and May 31, 2023. The contract is part of the NIH’s Small Business Innovation Research program that focuses on a variety of high-impact technologies ranging from research tools to diagnostics, digital health, drugs, medical devices, and others. I believe that alongside AI, conversational technology has the potential to reshape care delivery, facilitating the integration of different aspects of healthcare and addressing social determinants of health.

conversational ai in healthcare

The startup claims that GenAI usage has resulted in a 50% increase in food tracking, deeper user engagement, and 18% higher client-coach interaction. It is evident that with GenAI coming into the picture, the efficiency of traditional tools has increased manifold, and hospitals are steadily looking to embrace that change. Evangelina Petrakis, 21, was in high school when she posted on social media for fun — then realized a business opportunity. Vedula advises to have faith in the vision, be bold in decision-making, and persevere through challenges. “The entrepreneurial journey is fraught with obstacles and uncertainties, but unwavering belief in your mission can guide you through tough times,” he added. Randomised controlled trials of AI tools, where these differences are controlled for, would represent a gold standard of evidence for their use.

“For example, care coordinators can get comprehensive summaries of a patient or member including care plans, prescriptions, clinical encounters, prior authorizations, preferences and more” before an appointment, a Salesforce spokesperson told Healthcare IT News Tuesday. “The development of AI tools must go beyond just ensuring effectiveness and safety standards,” he said in a statement. The inclusive approach, according to Dr Tomasz Nadarzynski, who led the study at the University of Westminster, is crucial for mitigating biases, fostering trust and maximizing outcomes for marginalized populations. Early adopters, like Cleveland Clinic, helped to develop the service by providing feedback on use in a healthcare setting and are already using it, Microsoft said.

conversational ai in healthcare

The approach worked but left physicians overworked as they had to deal with both online and offline patients. With gen AI, healthcare organizations can launch LLM-backed AI assistants to address this. Essentially, they could fine-tune models like GPT-4 on medical data and build assistants that could take basic medical cases and guide patients to the best treatments on the basis of their systems. If any particular case appears more complicated, the model could redirect the patient to a doctor or the nearest healthcare professional. This way, all cases would get addressed without putting the doctors under immense work pressure. Multiple organizations, including Sanofi, Bayer, and Novartis, have taken this approach and launched AI assistants on their respective platforms.

Each episode is produced using realistic voice models, and the text is culled from archival material about that guest. Impressively, Podcast.ai released a Steve Jobs “appearance” by feeding the system his biography and reams of related material; the real-life Joe Rogan was able to interview “Steve Jobs” with this development. InVideo is an AI video company that focuses on automating script, scene, voiceover, and overall video production. The platform is frequently used for digital marketing and content marketing projects, allowing users to transform blogs and other text prompts into YouTube, talking avatar, Instagram, and other types of engaging video content.

Cognii’s VLA (virtual learning assistant) platform speaks with students in real time, providing one-on-one coaching. The goal is to transcend the limits of a multiple-choice question format and offer a wide-ranging conversation. Intuit is an enterprise that has focused on providing both guided and self-service finance and tax tools to users of products conversational ai in healthcare like TurboTax, Credit Karma, Mint, QuickBooks, and Mailchimp. The company recently released Intuit Assist, a generative AI financial assistant that is able to provide SMB leaders with smart recommendations for their financial and customer service decisions; Intuit Assist is available for TurboTax, Credit Karma, QuickBooks, and Mailchimp.

Researchers must establish future standards in randomized controlled trials to ensure proper monitoring and results for clinicians and patients. This review provides preliminary and most up-to-date evidence supporting their effectiveness in alleviating psychological distress, while also ChatGPT highlighting key factors influencing effectiveness and user experience. While AI-based CAs are not designed to replace professional mental health services, our review suggests their potential to serve as a readily accessible and effective solution to address the expanding treatment gap.

Reducing the number of parameters, which often leads to decreased memory usage and FLOPs, is likely to improve usability and latency, making the model more efficient and effective in practical applications. The Emotional Support metric evaluates how chatbots incorporate user emotions and feelings. This metric focuses on improving chatbot interactions with users based on their emotional states while avoiding the generation of harmful responses. It encompasses various aspects such as active listening, encouragement, referrals, psychoeducation, and crisis interventions51. The Privacy metric is devised to assess whether the model utilizes users’ sensitive information for either model fine-tuning or general usage42. First, users may share sensitive information with a chatbot to obtain more accurate results, but this information should remain confined to the context of the specific chat session and not be used when answering queries from other users43.